Home page > Diplomacy
INDEX
Players find in
this section suggestions to apply to the game instruments and events of
real diplomacy of the XX century. The index below works as a glossary,
while we advice those who want to read the entire section to read all
suggestions in the order they are written. Exemples are written in italic;
an asterisc * means a situation that is only possible in the team game.
ATTENTION:
whatever kind of agreement, in whatever form you write or make or register,
it CANNOT be enforced by the GM. UP
TREATY
An instrument by which one or more States solve their controversies
or coordinate their activities. It can be bylateral (stipulated by two States)
or multilateral (stipulated by three or more States); secret (if known only to
contracting parties) or public (if known to all players); registered (if sent to
the GM) or not registered (if the parties prefere not to officially inform the
GM); written (if formally contracted, i. e. by an exchange of emails containing
the will of the parties to approve an identical text) or verbal (if not formally
written, but intended as binding by both parties).
Turkey and Russia decide to share out the Balkans; once they reach a verbal
agreement (bilateral) they decide to write down its clauses: Bulgaria will be
Turkish, while Rumania will be owned by Russians. The complete text of the
treaty, still secret, is emailed from one party to the other accompanied by its
consentment ("I Declare to accept what follows:") and then sent back
with the same formulation ("I Declare to accept what follows:"); the
treaty is now written. The parties decide then to involve Austria-Hungary
(giving it a right to Serbia) and Italy (giving it a right to Greece), so that
the bilateral treaty becomes multilateral. The treaty is then emailed by each
party to the GM in order to register it, but it is still secret. Finally, the
parties decide to inform all players on the content of the treaty, which is now
public. INDEX
MULTILATERAL
CONVENTION (OR COVENANT OR CHARTER)
A treaty aiming to high and important civilization achievements,
which is opened to signature of whatever Country may want to accede.
Great Britain and France decide to stipulate a treaty which would bind them
to make a formal war declaration, to be presented before the current deadline,
before an armed conflict among them could rise. They also state that whatever
other power can sign the convention, accepting the same obbligations and rights.
INDEX
TREATY OF
ALLIANCE
The treaty of alliance states an identity of scopes for two or more
States. Basic elements of the alliance are the "casus foederis", i. e.
the fact activating the alliance, and the behaviour to be mantained by parties
in that case. Depending of these two elements, there are offensive alliances (to
attack together another State), defensive alliances (setting up a reciprocal
help from another power), consultive alliances (parties engage themselves to
consult each other before taking a certain decision) or any other kind of
alliances, depending on the fantasy of the contracting parties.
Italy and Germany decide to make war on France; therefore, they stipulate a
secret offensive alliance: both allies will attack France in 1902. In order to
avoid an Austrian stab on the back, they also stipulate a second defensive
alliance, public: if Austria-Hungary attacks one of the two allies, the other
one will automatically consider itself in war against Vienna. INDEX
NONAGGRESSION PACT
A treaty stating that two or more States will not attack each other.
Russia and Turkey decide not to attack each other; they also state, as a
guaranty, that no warship can enter the Black Sea. INDEX
UNEQUAL TREATIES
Those treaties containing clauses that are clearly unfavourable to a
Country because the parties find themselves in very different positions, because
of their different military force, their unequal capacity or experience in the
game, etc.
Russia, which has by now accumulated 12 Units, summons Turkey to accept a
treaty giving to the Russian Navy free access to the Straits; in exchange,
Moscow engages itself to mantain a respectful behaviour in the peace conference.
INDEX
PEACE TREATY
The peace treaty puts an end to hostilities among the signatory
powers. A multilateral peace treaty concludes the Peace Conference at the end of
a game.
Germany and Austria, after a 3-years-long war in which Germany seemed to
prevail, decide to cease hostilities and to formalize a peace treaty:
Austria-Hungary engages itself not to occupy with its Units all border sectors
(Tyrol, Bohemia and Galizia) and both parties engage themselves on a
nonaggression pact. INDEX
PROTOCOL
A supplementary which specifies, extends, limits or ratifies a
treaty.
Austria and Germany, which already have an anti-Russian defensive alliance,
decide to add to it a secret protocol limiting the "casus foederis" to
the case of a Russian attack on the ground. INDEX
DECLARATION
A communication, of whatever content, issued by one or more States on
a certain argument. It could be written (if issued by the declaring powers with
emails having an identical content and addressed to all interested players) or
verbal (if issued in an informal communication), unilateral (issued by a single
capital), bilateral (by two capitals), multilateral (by three).
London and Paris simultaneously and formally address an email to all other
powers declaring the neutrality of Belgium, warning that any violation of it
will be interpreted as an aggression. INDEX
ENTENTE
It is a non formal treaty, parctically a draft of an agreement, the
frame of which is not necessarily clear.
In 1904, France and Great Britain, after having overcame some difficulties
related to navigation on the English Channel, after having issued a declaration
on Belgian neutrality, with an intensive exchange of emails on possible effects
of a war against Germany, informally agree to periodically consult each other on
the international situation ("Entente cordiale"). INDEX
MEMORANDUM OF
UNDERSTANDING*
Agreement on minor arguments binding both contracting States, not
needing the Premier’s ratification.
During the final Peace Conference, a controversy between Italy and Russia
rises on the sharing out of Istria. Both Foreign Ministers, delegated to the
Conference, agree a border line without reporting the agreement to their
respective Prime Ministers. The terms of their reciprocal understandingt are
written down in a memorandum. INDEX
ARRANGEMENT
Non formal, temporary and compromissory agreement on a minor problem.
Turkey and Russia agreed on a nonaggression pact. In spring, Russia moves its
Black Sea Fleet into the Straits, appearently breaking the pact. After, the
Russian Fleet gets out into the Aegean Sea, so that Istanbul understands there
was no aggressive intention of the Russians. The incident is over, but the two
parties agree an arrangement: Russia engage itself not to build any naval Unit
in Sevastapol. INDEX
MODUS VIVENDI
Non formal, temporary and compromissory agreement, whose basic aim is
avoid a possible conflict.
Turkey and Russia agreed on a nonaggression pact. In spring, Russia moves its
Black Sea Fleet into the Straits, breaking the pact. As a reaction, Turkey moves
a Fleet into the Aegean Sea. Sankt Petersburg declares that its intention was to
leave the Straits and to move the Fleet into the Aegean Sea, so that it really
didn’t contravene the pact. A controversy is born: in order to avoid a war,
Turkey decides to ignore the loss of a supply center and to leave the Aegean Sea
as to permit to the Russian Fleet its exit into the Mediterranean Sea. It is a
"modus vivendi" permitting to avoid war for at least an year. INDEX
EXCHANGE OF NOTES*
Non formal, however binding, agreement between two States, on minor
problems. The notes are exchanged between the Ambassador accredited in a Capital
and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the counterpart; the notes’ content is
identical.
The Italian Ambassador to London, wishing to reach a Mediterranean agreement,
writes an email to the British Foreign Minister, saying that "both parties
engage themselves to mantain the status quo on the Mediterranean Sea, except for
what concerns Tunis, which should become Italian". The Foreign Office
answers saying that "both parties engage themselves to mantain the status
quo on the Mediterranean Sea, except for what concerns Tunis, which will loose
its independence". There has been an exchange of notes; nevertheless there
has been no agreement, because the two texts were not identical. INDEX
PACTUM DE
CONTRAHENDO
A clear engagemant of two or more States to negotiate a complex
question, however not necessarily to come to an agreement.
Austria, Russia and Turkey are wishing to share out the four supply centers
of the Balkan Peninsula; however the agreement seems to be very difficult.
Consequently they solemnly engage themselves to try to come to an agreement
until one day before the expiring of the frist deadline for movements. It is a
"pactum de contrahendo". INDEX
COMPROMIS D’ARBITRAGE
It happens when two or more parties agree to present a controversy to
a judge or to an arbitration board agreed by the parties. The parties to the
controversy can agree that the judgement be binding, but it remains not sure
whether the losing party will respect the arbitral decisions or not.
Turkey and Russia agreed on a nonaggression pact. In spring, Russia moves its
Black Sea Fleet into the Straits, breaking the pact. As a reaction, Turkey moves
a Fleet into the Aegean Sea. Sankt Petersburg declares that its intention was to
leave the Straits and to move the Fleet into the Aegean Sea, so that it really
didn’t contravene the pact. A controversy is born: in order to avoid a war,
the parties decide to bring the question to an arbitration board formed by the
Ministries of Foreign Affairs of France and Great Britain, asking them to
decide, by right, how to solve the controversy. INDEX
PROCES VERBAL
It is the record of the plenipotentiaries’ works during bilateral
or multilateral meetings.
The Italian Ambassador to Russia and the Russian Minister of Foreign Affairs
personally meet and write the following "procčs verbal" of their
meeting: "The 4th of May, 1902, the Estraordinary and
Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the King of Italy, Piero Vinci, deposited in Sankt
Petersburg, to the Government of the Czar of All Russia, the ratification
instrument of the King of Italy of the Nonaggression Pact between Italy and
Russia. On behalf of the Czar’s Government, the ratification instrument has
been received by the Czar’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Ivan Zemskov. After
examination of the ratification instrument, it has been ascertained that it is
written in the due form. In witness thereof, the present procčs verbal is
signed in one copy in the Italian language".
INDEX
HOW
TO WRITE A TREATY (ex. multilateral, secret Italian-Austrian-German
alliance treaty)
1. Preamble. In the preamble the scope
and the nature of the Treaty are showed.
Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria and Hungary, the Emperor of Germany
and the King of Italy, strongly desiring to increase the warranties of a general
peace, to enforce the principle of the monarchic balance and to ensure by that
mean the preservation of the social and political order in their respective
Countries, agreed to sign a Treaty that, by its conservative and defensive
nature, doesn’t pursue other scopes but taking protective measures against the
dangers that may threaten the security of their States and the peace in Europe;
2. Plenipotentiaries and their credentials*.
This indication is necessary when the treaty is not negotiated by the Chief of
the Country, who appoints one of his diplomats as negotiator; in that case, it
should be explained that his negotiating powers are issued directly by the Chief
of State.
to that end they appointed the undersigned plenipotentiaries, whose powers,
issued by the emails of their respective Chiefs of States (12th
January 2003 for Italy, 12th January 2003 for Germany, 13th
January 2003 for Austria-Hunagry), have been recognized in the good and due
form, have agreed what follows.
3. Clauses. The clauses form the substance of
the Treaty: programs, rights, duties, casus foederis, engagements, promises,
etc. Generally, they are listed in articles.
Article 1
The High Contracting Parties mutually promise peace and friendship, and will
enter into no alliance or engagement directed against any one of their States.
They engage to proceed to an exchange of ideas on political and economic
questions of a general nature which may arise, and they further promise one
another mutual support within the limits of their own interests.
Article 2
In case Italy, without direct provocation on her part, should be attacked by
France for any reason whatsoever, the two other Contracting Parties shall be
bound to lend help and assistance with all their forces to the Party attacked.
This same obligation shall devolve upon Italy in case of any aggression without
direct provocation by France against Germany.
Article 3
If one, or two, of the High Contracting Parties, without direct provocation on
their part, should chance to be attacked and to be engaged in a war with two or
more Great Powers non-signatory to the present Treaty, the casus foederis will
arise simultaneously for all the High Contracting Parties.
Article 4
In case a Great Power non-signatory to the present Treaty should threaten the
security of the states of one of the High Contracting Parties, and the
threatened Party should find itself forced on that account to make war against
it, the two others bind themselves to observe towards their Ally a benevolent
neutrality. Each of them reserves to itself, in this case, the right to take
part in the war, if it should see fit, to make common cause with its Ally.
Article 5
If the peace of any of the High Contracting Parties should chance to be
threatened under the circumstances foreseen by the preceding Articles, the High
Contracting Parties shall take counsel together in ample time as to the military
measures to be taken with a view to eventual cooperation.
They engage henceforward, in all cases of common participation in a war, to
conclude neither armistice, nor peace, nor treaty, except by common agreement
among themselves.
4. Possible
specific clauses. Specific clauses may establish that the treaty is
secret, that other parts may access to the treaty, that the treaty be registered
by the GM.
Article 6
The High Contracting Parties mutually promise secrecy as to the contents and
existence of the present Treaty. Other Parties may not adhere to the present
Treaty.
5. Duration,
resolutory clause, revisal, denunciation. The duration establishes how
much time will the treaty be valid, the (possible) resolution clause indicates
in which circumstances the treaty should be considered extinguished; timing and
methods to the revisal of the treaty may be defined by specific clauses. A peace
treaty has no duration nor revisal clauses.
Article 7
The present Treaty shall remain in force during the space of five years, dating
from the day of the exchange of ratifications. It will end one year after the
denunciation of one of the High Contracting Parties. It may be renewed for
another five years starting by the fourth year of existence, by a simple written
communication among the Parties.
Article 8
The agreement shall be emended only by the consent of all High Contracting
Parties, by the mean of communications to be signed by the Chief of State and to
be forwarded to the depositary State and CCed to the other Parties.
6. Clause for the
resolution of controversies. Indicates the method to be used if any
controversy arise, in order to correctly interpretate the clauses of the treaty.
Article 9
Any possible controversy on the interpretation of this treaty will be presented
to the GM, which will decide on the basis of international law, being his
decision bearing for the Parties.
7. Indications about the ratification* and the entry
into power. This part of the treaty specifies whether the treaty should
be ratified by the Chief of State (in the case it has been signed by a
plenipotentiary) and when it enters into power. Declarations, exchange of notes,
understandings, memorandums normally don’t require ratification.
Article 10
Their High Contracting Majesties shall forward by email the ratifications of the
present Treaty to the depositary power (and CC them to the other High
Contracting Parties) within one week. The Treaty enters into power after the
deposit of the third ratification.
8. Signature,
place, date. The signature consists of the charge and the name of the
plenipotentiary put at the end of the text and accompanied, at the end or at the
beginning of the email transmitting the treaty, by a formula of consensus
related to the text.
In witness whereof the respective
Plenipotentiaries have signed the present Treaty and have annexed thereto the
seal of their arms.
The Minister of Foreign Affairs of Austria and Hungary, Ferenc
the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany, Otto
the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Germany, Giuseppe
Done at Vienna, the twentieth day of the month of May of the year one thousand
nine hundred and fifteen.
9. Languages.
It is important to write in which languages the treaty is written and also which
is the one (or which are the ones) considered as prominent in case the different
texts lead to different interpretations.
Written in German, Italian and Hungarian, the first two equally baring
witness.
10. Deposit of the original text. It’s the
place where the original text is deposited: the depositary (who may be another
State or the GM) engages itself to verify that the signatures are correct, to
keep the instruments (emails) of ratification, to notify the Parties of the
entry into force of the treaty, of the adhesion and denunciations of other
Parties, to transmit the authentic copies of the treaty upon request of the
Parties.
The present Treaty is deposited to the GM.
INDEX
| Links to real treaties (1870-1939) to be used as models to yours (languages: FR, ES, UK, DE, PT, IT) | |||
| Tipe of treaty | Parts | Year | Notes |
| Compromis d'arbitrage | CH-FR | 1924 | Zones franches |
| Nichtangriffsvertrag | DE-RU | 1939 | Ribbentrop-Molotov Vertrag |
| Nonaggression pact | DE-RU | 1939 | Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact |
| Pacto de no agresión | DE-RU | 1939 | Pacto Ribbentrop-Molotov |
| Peace treaty 1 | DE-AT-BG-TR-RU | 1918 | Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |
| Peace treaty - Peace treaty 2 | ++ | 1919 | Versailles Treaty |
| Peace treaty | UK-FR-IT-JP-GR-RO-YU-TR | 1923 | Treaty of Lausanne |
| Protocolo | DE-RU | 1939 | Al pacto Ribbentrop-Molotov |
| Protokoll | DE-RU | 1939 | Zum Ribbentrop-Molotov Vertrag |
| Tratado de paz | CL-PE | 1883 | Tratado de Ancon |
| Tratado de paz 1 - Tratado de paz 2 | US-ES | 1898 | Tratado de Paris |
| Tratado de paz 1 - Tratado de paz 2 | CL-BO | 1904 | Y de amistad |
| Treaty of alliance | FR-RU | 1892 | Secret alliance and military convention |
| Treaty of alliance 1 - Treaty of alliance 2 | DE-RU | 1914 | Secret treaty |
| Country | Press agencies | Newspapers (language) in 1914 |
| DE - DEUTSCHLAND | 1849-1933 Wolf's Telegraphisches Büro | Vorwärts! (DE) |
| IT - ITALIA | 1853-1945 Stefani | |
| FR - FRANCE | 1835-1944 Agence Havas 1944-2005 Agence France Presse |
|
| RU - ROSSIJA | 1904-1914 SPTA 1914-1918 PTA 1918-1925 ROSTA 1925-1992 TASS |
|
| UK - UNITED KINGDOM | 1851-2005 Reuters |
AMBASSADORS
IN 1914
Read on the lines all the Ambassadors of each Country; read on the
columns the Diplomatic Corps to that Capital. If you have more informations, write
me 
.
| ATHINA | BEIJING | BEOGRAD | BERLIN | BERN / BERNE | BRUXELLES / BRUSSELS | BUCURESTI | BUENOS AIRES | |
| BELGIQUE / BELGIE |
Baron Beyen |
X |
||||||
| DEUTSCHLAND |
X |
Herr von Below - Saleske |
||||||
| FRANCE |
M. Jules Cabon |
M. Klobukowski |
||||||
| ITALIA | M. R. Bollati | |||||||
| ROSSIJA |
M. De Hartwig |
M. Swerbeev |
||||||
| ÖSTERREICH - MAGYARORSZAG |
Arthur Edler von Rosthorn |
Baron Vladimir von Giesl v. Gieslinen / Herr W. Von Storck* |
Ladislaus Gróf Szögyényi - Marich von Magyar Szögyéni / Gottfried Prinz zu Hohenlohe - Waldenburg - Schillingsfürst |
Graf Ottoker Czernin |
||||
| ROSSIJA |
M. De Hartwig |
M. Swerbeev |
||||||
| SRBIJA |
X |
Dr. M. Jovanović |
||||||
| UNITED KINGDOM |
Hon. Wm. A. Erskine* |
Sir John Jordan |
Mr. C. L. Des Graz / Mr. Dayrell Crackanthorpe* |
Sir Edward Goschen |
Mr. Evelyn Grant Duff |
Sir F. Villiers |
Hon. A. Akers Douglas / G. Barclay |
|
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |
Mr. J. W. Gerard |
John W. Garrett |
* Chargé d’Affairs
| ČETTINJ |
CHRISTIANIA |
DEN HAAG |
ISTANBUL |
KŘBENHAVN |
LISBOA |
LONDON | MADRID | |
| BELGIQUE / BELGIE | Count de Lalaing | |||||||
| BRASIL | Eduardo Lisboa / Antonio Fontura Xavier | |||||||
| DENMARK |
X |
M. H. Grevenkop Castenskiold | ||||||
| DEUTSCHLAND | Prinz Lichonowsky | |||||||
| FRANCE | M. Paul Cambon / M. De Fleuriau* | |||||||
| HELLAS | M. J. Gennadius | |||||||
| ITALIA | Marchese Imperiali | |||||||
| NEDERLAND | X | M. R. De Marees Van Swinderen | ||||||
| NIHON | M. K. Inouye | |||||||
| ÖSTERREICH - MAGYARORSZAG | Albert Graf Mensdorff - Pouilly - Dietrichstein | |||||||
| ROSSIJA | Graf Benckendorff | |||||||
| SCHWEIZ / SUISSE / SVIZZERA | M. Carlin | |||||||
| TÜRKIYE | X | Tewfik Pasha | ||||||
| UNITED KINGDOM |
Count J. De Salis |
Mr. M. De C. Findlay |
Mr. H. G. Chilton |
Mr H. H. D. Beaumont |
Sir H. Lowther |
Mr. L. D. Carnegie |
X | Sir Arthur Hardinge |
| UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |
Henry van Dyke |
Henry Morgenthau |
Mr. Walter Hines Page |
* Chargé d’Affairs
|
PARIS |
ROMA |
SANKT PETERSBURG / PETROGRAD |
SOFIJA |
STOCKHOLM |
TOKYO |
WASHINGTON |
VATICANUS |
WIEN |
|
|
BĂLGARIJA |
M. Rizov |
X |
|||||||
|
FRANCE |
X |
M. C. Barre |
M. Maurice Paléologue |
M. Dumaine |
|||||
|
DEUTSCHLAND |
Graf von Schön |
Dr. H. von Flotow |
Graf Pourtales |
Graf Joachim von Bernsdorff |
Herr von Tschirschky |
||||
|
ITALIA |
X |
Duca d’Avarna |
|||||||
|
ÖSTERREICH - MAGYARORSZAG |
Nikolaus Gróf Széczen |
Kajetan Mérey von Kapos - Mére |
Friedrich Gróf Szŕpŕry von Muraszombat, Szechysziget und Szápár |
Ladislaus Freiherr Müller von Szentgyöro |
X |
||||
|
ROMĂNIA |
M. Mavrocordato |
||||||||
|
ROSSIJA |
M. Izvolskij |
Sergej Dimitrevic Sazonov |
X |
Sergej Dimitrevic Sazonov |
M. Šebeko / Knjaz’ Kudščev* |
||||
|
SRBIJA |
Dr. M. R. Vesnić |
Dr. M. Spalaiković |
M. Jovan Janović |
||||||
|
UNITED KINGDOM |
Sir Francis Bertie |
Sir Rennell Rodd |
Sir George Buchanan |
Sir H. Bax-Ironside |
Mr. Esme Howard |
Sir William Conyngham Greene |
Cecil Spring-Rice / Mr. C. A. De R. Barclay* |
Sir Maurice de Bunsen |
|
|
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA |
Myron Timothy Herrick / William Graves Sharp |
Charles S. Wilson* / George T. Marye |
X |
* Chargé d’Affairs
(Based on
"The First World War", by Keith Robbins and the websites
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com
http://eserver.org
http://etc.princeton.edu
http://library.thinkquest.org
www.blancmange.net
www.brazil.org.uk
www.firstworldwar.com
www.geocities.com
www.gwpda.org
www.lib.byu.edu
www.worldwar1.com
